Off Grid (Battery Systems)
Grid Independent Off Grid System
In places where electricity is needed but there is no mains electricity, an off grid-battery system should be used as a solution.
There are 4 main equipments in off grid systems: solar panel, charge controller, inverter and battery group. Now let&39;s examine these equipment: off grid
1.Solar Panel
It is a device that converts the light from the sun directly into electric current. Solar panels do not have the ability to store the electricity produced, so the generated energy must be stored in batteries.
It is appropriate to use solar panels up to 150W in battery systems where the need is less. In this system, it is sufficient to use a PWM charge controller. However, in systems that will meet all the needs of a house, large-power solar panels should be used, such as 250W. In this system, it is essential to use a charge controller with MPPT in order to minimize losses.
2.Charge Controller
The charge controller is used to reduce the voltage obtained from the solar panel to the desired voltage value. It is divided into two groups:
PWM Charge Controller: Battery status and charge status can be monitored via LED or LCD screen.
MPPT Charge controller: It works with maximum power point tracking technique. Allows the battery to be charged with the maximum available energy
3.Inverter
The battery is charged with direct current through the solar panel, it is a device that takes it from the batteries and converts it to alternating current. Off grid inverters are generally divided into two according to their wave outputs:
Modified sine inverter: It mimics a full sine wave in the form of a ladder by increasing the number of square waves. TV, lighting etc. operate devices such as
Full sine inverter: With this inverter, which produces a full sine wave, it can be used without problems in domestic devices such as refrigerators, washing machines, water pumps or off grid applications of industrial devices.
4. Battery group
An accumulator is a device that stores electrical energy chemically and converts the stored energy back into electrical energy by connecting a receiver to its circuit whenever desired. The most important factor that determines the efficiency and life of the battery is the number of cycles. The number of cycles is the feature that determines how many times the battery will be discharged and charged.
The batteries generally used in off grid systems are as follows:
Dry battery: These batteries, which are maintenance-free and closed, do not contain electrolyte. For this reason, they can be easily used in any horizontal or vertical positioning.
Gel battery: These batteries, which are completely closed and maintenance-free, have approximately 50&49; more cycles than dry type batteries.
OPzS battery: As an uninterrupted energy source, OPzS battery should be used when high power is needed in small areas. off grid02
As a result, calculations should be made by considering the following issues in off grid system design:
1-Calculation of the total consumption in Wh according to the usage times of the consumption values of the tools to be used daily
2- Determining the power and number of solar panels by considering the sunshine duration and solar radiation value of the place where the system will be installed.
3-Determining the capacity of the battery charge controller
4-Determination of inverter-inverter capacity
5-Determining the capacity of the battery group to be stored
6-Determining the amount of possible shadow in the area where the panels will be installed
7-Making the appropriate construction and cabling to be used in the assembly of the system.